Violence in country’s Middle Belt meets the criteria for “calculated genocide” against Christians.The killing of Christians in central Nigeria has all the markings of a genocide, a Catholic bishop from the African nation testified in Congress.
“Our Middle Belt region has truly become a vale of tears, a region where mass burials are very common,” said Bishop William A. Avenya of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Gboko, in testimony before the Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission. “It appears as though what is happening here is part of a grand conspiracy. Our national government has not shown convincing signs of real commitment to ending the menace.”
The slaughter of Christians in the Middle Belt, Bishop Avenya said, meets the criteria for a calculated genocide according to the definition of the Genocide Convention as “acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group.”
“This has inflicted deep mental, psychological, physical and economic injuries to the affected families and communities,” Avenya said.
The Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission, co-chaired by Reps. Christopher H. Smith, R-NJ, and James P. McGovern, D-MA, examined the deteriorating human rights situation in Nigeria’s Middle Belt, including its religious dimensions, and proposed responses, in the December 17 hearing, “Conflict and Killings in Nigeria’s Middle Belt.”
The underlying causes of the conflict are complex and varied, the commission said. “They include competition for access to land and other resources between pastoralists and farmers, exacerbated by drought, desertification, and climate change. In a part of the country where farmers are mainly Christian and pastoralists are mainly Muslim and ethnic Fulani, deadly confrontations have sharpened ethnic, regional and religious polarization. Precise statistics are unavailable and fatality counts are contested, but one analysis estimated that farmer-pastoralist conflicts killed 2,000 Nigerians annually between 2011 and 2016. Some have described attacks by pastoralists as a persecution of Christians, amounting to an attempted or unfolding genocide. Some Muslim leaders, for their part, have described attacks on Fulani as part of an effort to purge Nigeria’s Muslim community. The Nigerian state has failed to provide protection or ensure accountability for any of the victims.”
The commission pointed out that earlier this month, for the first time, the U.S. State Department designated Nigeria as a Country of Particular Concern for violations of religious freedom, opening the country up to possible economic sanctions.
Also testifying at the hearing were U.S. State Department officials and human rights organizations.
Congressman Smith said that the largest, dominant driver of conflict in the Middle Belt region is “committed by Fulani extremists, who appear driven in large part by ethno-religious chauvinism, against mostly Christian farmers — though I do note that elsewhere Shia Muslims are also victims, and that intra-Sunni conflicts also exist within the Muslim community as well.”
Largest African nation
“The United States and the international community must do more to mitigate the violence because the dire situation on the ground warrants it and because the people of Nigeria deserve to live in peace and freedom with their fundamental human rights guaranteed,” Smith said. He added that Nigeria is the largest country in Africa and “what happens there has an outsized impact in West Africa and in Africa as a whole.”
Bishop Avenya told the hearing that since the attacks began some five years ago, “there has hardly been a single day gone without killing in one part of the region or the other.”
While some observers have shied away from painting the conflict as Muslim-on-Christian violence, Avenya noted that the Fulani are largely Muslim, and that there is a “high probability that the killings have a religious undertone.”
However, he lamented that “no one has ever been arrested or questioned or prosecuted or convicted of any charge relating to this spree of killings.”
“Yet, these killers are not invisible, neither are they unknown,” he said. “Instead, these atrocities are made to look as though they were ethnic or communal clashes.”
